Underwater Archaeology / Подводная археология Amanda Bowens [PDF]

Underwater Archaeology / Подводная археология Amanda Bowens

Название: Underwater Archaeology / Подводная археология

Автор: Amanda Bowens

Издательство: Blackwell Publishing

Год: 2009

Формат: PDF

Язык: English

Размер: 13,26 мб

Рассматриваются все тонкости подводных исследований. Книга содержит обширную информацию и практические рекомендации, как принять участие а экспедиции, основные принципы, основные методы и подходы, планирования и осуществления проектов, представление и издание, Эта книга будет полезна для всех, заинтересованных в морской археологии. Полностью иллюстрирована более чем 100 рисунков, включает в себя дополнительные главы по геофизике, исторические исследования, фотографии и видео, мониторинг и техническое обслуживание и консервацию.

Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice provides a comprehensive summary of the archaeological process as applied in an underwater context. Containing extensive practical advice and information, including how to get involved, basic principles, essential techniques and approaches, project planning and execution, publishing and presenting, this book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in nautical archaeology. Fully illustrated with over 100 drawings and new colour graphics, this second edition includes additional chapters on geophysics, historical research, photography and video, monitoring and maintenance and conservation.

With Underwater Archaeology the Nautical Archaeology Society reveals the real underwater treasure - a rich cultural heritage that has helped shape the world in which we live. By outlining the principles and practices, this book will enable the reader to make informed and responsible decisions about how to get the most from their involvement with underwater archaeology.

CONTENTS

List of Figures viii

List of Plates xi

Foreword xiii

Acknowledgements xiv

1 The NAS Handbook – Why It Was

Written 1

2 Underwater Archaeology 2

What Is Archaeology? 2

What Is Archaeology Under Water? 5

What Is Not Archaeology Under Water? 6

Closely Related and Complementary

Approaches (Ethnography and

Experimental Archaeology) 8

Further Information 10

3 Getting Involved in Underwater and

Foreshore Archaeology 11

Further Information 13

4 Basic Principles – Making the Most

of the Clues 15

The Importance of Underwater Sites 15

Site Types 17

The Range of Evidence on an

Archaeological Site 19

Links Between Categories of Evidence 22

Using the Evidence 22

Dating 24

Environment and Site-Formation

Processes 28

The Deterioration of Wood 30

Culture and Site-Formation Processes 31

Further Information 33

5 Project Planning 34

The Project Design 34

Further Information 37

6 Safety on Archaeological Sites Under

Water and on the Foreshore 38

Risk Assessments 38

Diving Project Plan 39

Codes of Practice 39

Control of Diving Operations 40

Working Under Water 40

Potential Diving Problems and Solutions 40

Safety During Excavation 42

Inter-Tidal Site Safety 43

Further Information 44

7 International and National Laws Relating

to Archaeology Under Water 45

Jurisdiction – Where Do the Laws

Apply? 45

The Regime in International Waters 46

International Salvage Law 47

Underwater Cultural Heritage and

Salvage Law 47

Ownership of Underwater

Cultural Heritage 48

Abandonment of Ownership 48

National Legislation 48

International Conventions 49

Case Studies 50

Further Information 52

8 Archaeological Recording 53

The Need for Recording 53

Recording Systems 54

Planning the Recording: What to Record 54

Contents

vi CONTENTS

Recording Information On Site 54

Recording Timbers 57

Recording Contexts 58

Recording Stratigraphy 58

Recording Environmental Evidence 60

Recording Samples 60

Recording Survey Results 60

Recording Plans and Sections 60

Recording Photographic Results 60

Conservation Records 61

Identifying Archaeological Material 61

Tags and Labelling 62

Storing the Information 62

Computing Options and Issues 63

Geographical Information Systems 63

Explaining, Documenting, and

Supervising the System 63

Further Information 64

9 Historical Research 65

Types of Evidence 66

Locating Primary Sources 66

The Internet 68

Methods of Research 69

Further Information 70

10 Photography 71

Photographic Theory 72

Digital Photography 73

Surface Photography 74

Photographing Finds 74

Underwater Photography 75

Underwater Photographic Techniques 76

Digital Darkroom 77

Mosaics – Photo or Video 78

Video Cameras 79

Video Technique 80

Video Editing 81

Further Information 82

11 Position-Fixing 83

Geographical Coordinates 84

Accuracy 86

Methods of Position-Fixing 87

Equipment 94

Further Information 95

12 Underwater Search Methods 96

Positioning 96

Coverage 96

Safety 96

Diver Search Methods 97

13 Geophysical and Remote-Sensing

Surveys 103

Search Patterns, Navigation and

Positioning 103

Acoustic Systems 104

Bathymetric Survey 104

Echo-Sounders 105

Multibeam Swath Systems 105

Bottom-Classification Systems 106

Sidescan Sonar 107

Sub-Bottom Profiling 108

Magnetometry 111

Integrated Surveys 112

Submersibles: ROVs and AUVs 112

Aerial Photography 113

Further Information 113

14 Underwater Survey 114

Types of Survey 114

An Initial Sketch 116

Planning 117

Setting Up a Baseline/Control Points 118

Installing Survey Points 119

The Principles of Survey 120

Survey Using Tape-Measures, Grids and

Drafting Film 123

Vertical Control (Height/Depth) 124

Drawing/Planning Frames 125

Grid-Frames 126

Processing Measurements and Drawing

up the Site-Plan 127

Three-Dimensional Computer-Based

Survey 127

Acoustic Positioning Systems 132

Positioning the Site in the Real World 133

Further Information 134

15 Destructive Investigative Techniques 135

Probing 135

Sampling 136

Excavation 141

Further Information 147

16 Archaeological Conservation and

First-Aid for Finds 148

Underwater Burial Environments 149

Materials Degradation and Post-

Excavation Deterioration 150

Principal Risks to Finds During and

After Recovery 152

Principles and Procedures for First-Aid

for Underwater Finds 152

CONTENTS vii

Lifting, Handling and Transportation 154

Approaches to Packing and Storage 156

Sampling and Analysis 157

Initial Cleaning 157

Holding and Pre-Conservation

Treatment Solutions 157

Record-Keeping 158

X-Radiography and Facilities 159

Health and Safety 159

Insurance 159

Checklists 159

Further Information 162

17 Site Monitoring and Protection 163

Monitoring 163

Protection 167

Further Information 169

18 Archaeological Illustration 170

Basic Drawing Equipment 170

Drawing Archaeological Material 171

Recording ‘By Eye’ 175

Recording Decoration and

Surface Detail 176

Recording Constructional and

Other Detail 177

Post-Fieldwork Photography and

Laser Scanning 178

Presenting a Range of Complex

Information 178

Further Information 180

19 Post-Fieldwork Analysis and Archiving 181

Handling Material and Keeping

Records 182

Post-Fieldwork Treatment of

Survey Work 182

Specialist Analysis 185

Interpretation and Gathering Supporting

Evidence From Other Sources 186

Producing an Archaeological Archive 186

Further Information 188

20 Presenting, Publicizing and Publishing

Archaeological Work 189

The Importance of Publicizing (Where

and When) 189

Identifying and Satisfying an Audience 190

Methods of Presentation 191

Writing Reports and Publications 194

A Significant Achievement and

Contribution 196

Further Information 197

Appendix 1: Anchor Recording 198

Stone Anchors 198

Stock Anchors 199

Further Information 200

Appendix 2: Guns 201

The Importance of Sea-Bed Recording 201

Identification of Material 202

Classification by Methods of Loading 204

Classification by Shape 204

Inscriptions and Decoration 206

Projectiles, Charges and Tampions 208

Recording and Illustrating Guns 209

Further Information 212

Appendix 3: NAS Training Programme 213

An Introduction to Foreshore and

Underwater Archaeology 213

NAS Part I: Certificate in Foreshore and

Underwater Archaeology 214

NAS Part II: Intermediate Certificate in

Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology 214

NAS Part III: Advanced Certificate in

Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology 214

NAS Part IV: Diploma in Foreshore and

Underwater Archaeology 215

Further Information 215

Glossary 216

References and Further Reading 219

Index 223